Previous Next

Previous

To the previous item on the timeline

Next

To the next item on the timeline

1938 Many Jewish refugees after Kristallnacht

Refugees and immigrants

Victorieplein 22-III
Victorieplein 22-III
Victorieplein 22-III
Victorieplein 22-III [+] Enlarge map [-] Reduce map
© Anne Frank Stichting

At home with Fritz Pfeffer

Fritz Pfeffer and his girlfriend Charlotte Kaletta live on the Zuidelijke Wandelweg, which at the time was on the outskirts of Amsterdam. Pfeffer’s son, Werner, is in England with his uncle Ernst, Fritz’s brother. He’s safe from Jewish persecution there.

At the end of 1938 Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotte Kaletta arrive in Amsterdam from Germany. They live on the Victorieplein 22 III,  which was called the Daniël Willinkplein then. In Berlin, Pfeffer was a dentist. In Amsterdam Pfeffer finds a job with a dentist. Miep Gies is one of his patients. As a refugee he is supported by the Committee for Jewish Refugees.

Not married

"Fritz Pfeffer was divorced in 1933. He wants to marry Charlotte, but this isn’t possible in Germany. From 1935 according to German law, Jews are not allowed to marry non-Jews. Charlotte is a Catholic. Unfortunately they can’t marry in the Netherlands either because the German authorities don’t cooperate.

When his passport expires in January 1939, Pfeffer is unable to obtain a new one so he’s no longer able to leave the country."

Eighth person in hiding

In November 1942 Pfeffer goes into hiding with the Frank family in the secret annex. Charlotte doesn’t know where he is hiding but she receives letters from him via Miep Gies.

Miep said:
‘Once a week I would meet Charlotte Kaletta, a charming blonde woman one year older than I. She would give me letters, books, parcels and bits of dental equipment that Fritz Pfeffer had requested. (…)  I pretended to know nothing about where her fiancé was hiding. However, Charlotte was a discreet and sensitive person; she knew better than to search out information. She never asked anything of me.’

 

Also view this item by its location with your mobile telephone
More about the Anne's Amsterdam App

  • Print
  • Share |

Refugees and immigrants

After Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany in 1933, tens of thousands of Jews decide to leave their fatherland and to chance their luck elsewhere. A large number move to neighboring country the Netherlands. In 1941 the number of German Jewish refugees in the Netherlands totals 15,174.

Political and Jewish refugees are accepted, but the Dutch government also sends many back. The Jewish community is responsible for looking after the refugees.

more on this subject more on this subject

Also look at

1938 Many Jewish refugees after Kristallnacht

Many Jewish refugees flee to the Netherlands after Kristallnacht. Princess Juliana also feels connected to the Jewish community. But while more attention is drawn to the admittance of more Jews, NSB members threaten more intervention.

1938  Many Jewish refugees after Kristallnacht

1940 Amsterdam occupied

Nothing changes too much for the Frank family in the beginning. Opekta moves to the Prinsengracht. During air raids bombs cause death and injury in Amsterdam.

1940  Amsterdam occupied

1941 Jews allowed to do and less

It starts with a cinema ban but rapidly Jews are banned from virtually all public places. Jewish children must attend separate schools. This also applies to Anne and Margot Frank.

1941  Jews allowed to do and less

1942 It becomes more dangerous for Jews

On her thirteenth birthday Anne Frank receives a diary. A few days later she writes about the situation in Amsterdam. The introduction of the Jewish star and the raids. In July the Frank family goes into hiding.

1942  It becomes more dangerous for Jews

1943 Deportations and attacks

While the Frank family is in hiding thousands of Jews are deported from Amsterdam. The resistance tries to hinder the deportations by attacks including one on the Public Registry. It doesn’t stop them.

1943  Deportations and attacks

1944 Discovered and arrested

On 4 August the people in hiding in the secret annex are discovered and arrested. From Westerbork they are taken to Auschwitz. When the Allies land in the south of the Netherlands there is hope that the country will be liberated. German soldiers and NSB members flee the country after Dolle Dinsdag (‘Mad Tuesday’).

1944  Discovered and arrested

1945 Joy and sadness

A celebration at the Dam on 7 May is ruined when people are killed after German soldiers shoot at the crowd. On 8 May Amsterdam is officially liberated. Otto Frank returns. He knows that Edith is dead. He only hears later that his two daughters have not survived.

1945  Joy and sadness

1946 Slowly the threads are picked up again

On 3 May 1946 the first official commemoration for those who died during the war is held. Anne Frank’s diary is published on 25 June 1947. Life in Amsterdam slowly gets back to normal. Of the 70,000 Jews who lived in the city in 1940 only 10,000 have survived the war.

1946  Slowly the threads are picked up again

1950 Lasting memory

Even five years after the liberation the reverberations from the war are still clearly noticeable. The Jewish community thanks Amsterdam for the help given to Jews with a monument.

1950  Lasting memory
  • 1950

  • To those who protected the Dutch Jews during the years of the occupation. Protected by your love. Encouraged by your resistance. Mourning with you.

    Part of the citation on the monument ‘Jewish Gratitude’
  • picture:Once a year, two minutes silence

The timeline is loading

In what sort of city did Anne Frank live? 
See how the occupation and the persecution of the Jews in Amsterdam have left their mark.

Please note: there is more

Use the scrollbar to view the entire item.

 

 

Sluiten

Bird’s eye view of Anne Frank’s Amsterdam

View the most important places with their story from Anne Frank’s Amsterdam. Click to the Timeline and see how Amsterdam changed from being a safe haven in 1933 to an occupied city. Zoom in by clicking on the plus sign on the left. This way you can click more easily on the places on the map